Monday, September 7, 2026

A New Festschrift Honours Peeter Päll at 65

What better way to celebrate an onomastician than with a book about names?

On 19 March 2026, a special volume was presented at the Institute of the Estonian Language in Tallinn to mark the 65th birthday of Peeter Päll, one of Estonia’s leading specialists in onomastics, language planning and the standardization of geographical names. The book, Nimede nimel. Pühendusteos Peeter Pällile 65. sünnipäevaks - which may be rendered in English as In the Name of Names: A Festschrift for Peeter Päll on His 65th Birthday - appeared as volume 89 of the Proceedings of the Mother Tongue Society (Emakeele Seltsi toimetised). Significantly, it was prepared as a surprise 
Festschrift

The result is substantial: 415 pages, 36 contributions and 45 authors from Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Hungary, England, Canada and Zambia. The volume was compiled and edited by Tiina Paet, Tiina Laansalu and Marit Alas.

Even better for the international onomastic community, the entire book has been made freely available online by the Mother Tongue Society.

Read and download Nimede nimel in full (free PDF)

Official book page at the Mother Tongue Society

Who is Peeter Päll?

The choice of subjects represented in the Festschrift reflects an unusually broad scholarly career.

Peeter Päll is currently a senior language planner at the Institute of the Estonian Language (EKI). He graduated in Estonian philology from the University of Tartu in 1984, received his master’s degree in 1995, and defended his doctoral dissertation Võõrnimed eestikeelses tekstis (Foreign Names in Estonian Texts) in 2005. EKI describes him as a name expert active in international organizations concerned with name standardization and notes more than 80 publications. His major work includes Maailma kohanimed (Place Names of the World) and the monumental Eesti kohanimeraamat (Dictionary of Estonian Place Names), which he co-edited and helped compile.


His work moves between areas that are too often treated separately: onomastic research, practical name planning, foreign-name spelling, romanization, geographical-name databases, language advice and international standardization.

In 2023, Päll received Estonia’s prestigious F. J. Wiedemann Language Award for his sustained contribution to the Estonian language, culture and identity through name studies and language planning. The official citation particularly emphasized his work on Estonian and international geographical names, the EKI Place Names Database, Eesti kohanimeraamat, and standard-language guidance.

His international work is equally important. Estonian documentation for the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) has repeatedly been prepared or presented by Päll, including material on Estonia’s national name standardization and the Web Dictionary of Estonian Place Names.

Against that background, Nimede nimel is more than a conventional birthday miscellany. Its architecture forms something close to an intellectual portrait of its dedicatee.


The world reflected in names

The first and largest scholarly section bears the beautifully appropriate title Maailm nimepeeglis - “The World in the Mirror of Names.” It comprises thirteen contributions demonstrating just how many kinds of history, landscape and identity can be read through proper names.

The Festschrift begins very close to its dedicatee. Marja Kallasmaa, in Päll in Estonian Toponyms, explores Päll itself in the Estonian place-name landscape, while Fred Puss, in Where Is the Home of the Päll Families?, approaches the name from the perspective of surname geography and family history. Mari Vaus and Kairi Janson later complete this playful personal circle with Peeter and His Namesakes.

Other chapters penetrate much deeper into the historical layers of the northern European name landscape. Lembit Vaba investigates the landscape terms mala and malu in Estonian toponyms. Jüri Viikberg turns to Estonian place names in Siberia, an especially interesting example of how migration can transplant a naming landscape thousands of kilometres from its point of origin. Enn Ernits examines Ingrian names for bodies of water and shoreline features, while Valts Ernštreits and Karl Pajusalu study Livonian village names across the historical landscapes of Courland and Livonia. Arvis Kiristaja considers changing limnonyms - lake names - in the Petseri region.

Together, these studies demonstrate something fundamental to toponymy: place names do not merely describe geography. They can preserve languages, settlement histories, ethnic contacts, old landscape vocabulary and former territorial relationships after the original circumstances have changed.

One of the collection’s explicitly socio-onomastic contributions comes from Finnish scholar Terhi Ainiala. Her Place Names as Living Heritage: Emotional Landscapes in Helsinki shifts attention from etymology to the relationship between names, places and human experience. The very formulation of names as living heritage is significant: place names do not belong only to archival history; they are continuously used, remembered and emotionally invested in by communities.

A particularly striking widening of the volume’s geographical and thematic horizon comes from Chanda Penda. His Identity Switch for Survival: From Chanda Bulaya to Samson Jackson, a Black African in England, 1914–1935 places personal naming within the histories of race, migration and survival. Here a change of name is not simply an orthographic or administrative matter but part of the negotiation of identity under particular historical and social pressures.

Names also travel through texts. Anu Pedaja-Ansen and Annika Viht examine choices made when translating Biblical names in the earliest Estonian versions of the Old Testament. Sirkka Paikkala and Jarmo Paikkala, meanwhile, study family names that crossed the Gulf of Finland, placing surname history into the context of mobility between Finland and Estonia. Finally, Annika Hussar, in First Names at the Crossroads of Multiculturalism, brings the question firmly into the contemporary world, where naming repertoires increasingly emerge from the intersection of several languages and cultural traditions.

Taken together, these thirteen chapters range from micro-level name etymology to migration, multilingualism, translation and identity. They make the section's title particularly apt: the world really can be observed through the mirror of names.


How do we “tame” names?

The second major section has an even more memorable title: Kuidas taltsutada nimesid - “How to Tame Names.” Its subject is name planning and standardization, one of the areas most closely associated with Peeter Päll’s professional career. The twelve contributions demonstrate that “correct names” are rarely simply a matter of spelling. Name standardization involves scripts, languages, law, history, political authority, local usage and international communication.

The section opens appropriately with Helen Kerfoot, former Chair of UNGEGN, and her substantial contribution The Contributions of Peeter Päll and Estonia to the United Nations’ Activities on Geographical Names. The very existence of a separate chapter on this subject shows the international reach of Päll’s work: Estonia is a relatively small linguistic community, yet its expertise in place-name standardization has had a visible place within UN geographical-name work.

Romanization receives two complementary treatments. Catherine Cheetham looks at the Present and Future of geographical-name romanization, while Paul Woodman examines Romanization in a Changing World. These are particularly appropriate topics for a scholar whose doctoral work dealt extensively with foreign names and writing systems.

Peter Jordan, in Reasons for the Emergence of Exonyms, turns to one of the classic but still highly contemporary problems of international toponymy: why languages develop their own names for places outside their linguistic territory. Exonyms reveal that international place-name usage does not simply reproduce local official forms; it also carries histories of cultural contact and linguistic tradition.

The Baltic perspective is represented strongly. Vita Strautniece reconstructs Latvia’s first steps toward UNGEGN, while Jurģis Kavacs discusses several distinctive characteristics of Latvian toponomastics. Their inclusion underlines the extent to which modern name planning in Estonia and Latvia developed both through national language policy and through international cooperation.

At the municipal level, Sami Suviranta examines the names of bridges and underpasses in Espoo. This reminds us that name planning does not concern only countries, cities and major geographical features. Even apparently minor elements of urban infrastructure require systems of naming, linguistic choices and administrative decisions.

One of the most immediately topical contributions is Staffan Nyström’s Fria Ukrainas Plats in Stockholm: A Contested Name, a Political Stance, a Gesture of Solidarity. The chapter studies a name that functions openly as a geopolitical statement. Uppsala University independently records the chapter among Nyström’s 2026 publications.

This is a particularly vivid demonstration that toponyms are never necessarily neutral. A new street or square name can become a public argument, commemorative act and political message.

The transition from place names to personal-name legislation is made by Katharina Leibring, whose Do We Need a Personal Names Act? Some Problematic Issues Concerning the Swedish Personal Names Act of 2017 examines the difficult relationship between individual naming freedom and legal regulation.

The section then returns to Estonia. Ott Kurs studies Turkic place names in Estonian printed media; Mariko Faster and Evar Saar investigate cadastral-unit names as official place names and critically examine the development of a new written naming tradition; and Toomas Kiho, in the provocatively titled The Impoverished Name Geography of Tartu: How Did This Happen, and Where Do We Go from Here?, turns naming into a question of urban cultural policy.

This section is perhaps the clearest explanation of why Peeter Päll’s career matters beyond academic onomastics. Names must not only be researched; societies continually have to decide how to write them, standardize them, translate them, romanize them, protect them and sometimes create new ones.


From the word to the dictionary

The third scholarly section, Sõnast sõnaraamatuni - “From the Word to the Dictionary” - moves beyond onomastics proper into language planning and lexicology, another major field of Päll’s work at EKI.

Ulla Onkamo examines Viro and viro in the Finnish language-advice service — a fascinating case in which orthography and capitalization intersect with the relationship between a proper name and ordinary vocabulary.

Tiina Leemets, under the playful Estonian title Paabeli segadus veganmuffinitega, investigates problematic adjective formation, translated in the contents as The Babel of Defective Adjectives in Estonian. Udo Uibo explores the origin of the Estonian verb keevitama ‘to weld’. Szilárd Tibor Tóth revisits the etymological history of pelmeen ‘dumpling’, while Asta Õim asks the deceptively simple question What Is a Novel Metaphor?

At first glance, dumplings, welding, metaphors and geographical names might seem an unlikely combination. But in the context of the Festschrift they make perfect sense. Päll's professional identity belongs to the Estonian tradition in which onomastics, lexicography, language advice and standard-language planning remain in close dialogue.


Peeter with us, Peeter about us

A genuine Festschrift must ultimately be more than a collection of research articles.

The final section, Peetriga. Peetrist. Peetrile — roughly “With Peeter. About Peeter. For Peeter.” — changes tone and allows colleagues to speak about the scholar behind the scholarship.

Tiina Leemets, Argo Mund and Maire Raadik write about Peeter and Colleagues. Marja Kallasmaa recalls Peeter’s role in the creation of the Eesti kohanimeraamat. Indrek Hein writes about Peeter as Chief Language Planner, while Tiina Paet presents Peeter as Teacher and Supervisor. Tiina Laansalu focuses on Peeter as an International Name Planner, and Laimute Balode, Dace Kavace and Sanda Rapa bring in the voices of his international colleagues.

These six texts are important because they explain what a bibliography cannot. Scholarly influence is not measured only by publications and citations. It also grows through databases built together, advice given, students supervised, international working groups, editorial work and decades of professional collaboration.


A Festschrift that mirrors its dedicatee

The most successful Festschriften usually have an internal logic: the contributions do not merely happen to have been written for the same person but collectively reveal something about that person's intellectual world.

Nimede nimel succeeds particularly well in this respect.

Its first section shows names as objects of historical, linguistic and social research. Its second moves from studying names to the difficult practical business of managing them in society. Its third places that work inside the broader framework of language planning and lexicology. The final section shows the networks of people behind all three activities.

This progression closely resembles Peeter Päll’s own career.

A toponym may require an etymologist to explain its past, a sociolinguist to understand its users, a language planner to determine its standard form, an expert in writing systems to romanize it, a database specialist to record it, a government authority to formalize it and an international organization to ensure that others know how to use it.

Few scholars work comfortably across so many stages of that chain.

The Festschrift makes clear that Päll is one of them.

Estonia at the centre of an international onomastic conversation

Another striking feature is the geographical reach of the volume. The Mother Tongue Society counts 45 authors from nine countries, and the subjects extend from Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Sweden to Siberia, England and international UN name standardization.

Yet Estonia remains the conceptual centre.

That is important. Small-language communities often have particularly strong reasons to take names seriously. The spelling of foreign names, preservation of traditional place names, representation of minority-language forms, handling of exonyms and standardization of geographical names can all touch directly on linguistic autonomy and cultural memory.

Päll’s career and this Festschrift demonstrate how Estonia has turned that necessity into substantial scholarly and technical expertise.

And it is completely open access

There is one more reason to draw international attention to this volume: the complete 415-page book is freely accessible.

This matters especially because many Festschriften have limited print runs and quickly become difficult to obtain outside the country in which they were published. Here, scholars interested in onomastics, toponymy, anthroponymy, name planning, romanization, language policy or lexicology can consult the volume immediately.

The official publication page also supplies English translations of the article titles, and the editorial apparatus includes English translations of summaries by David Ogren, making much of the collection accessible beyond Estonian-speaking scholarship.

Perhaps that openness is itself particularly appropriate for a Festschrift honouring a scholar whose work has spent decades making names understandable and usable across languages and borders.

Bibliographical information

Paet, Tiina, Tiina Laansalu & Marit Alas (eds.). 2026. Nimede nimel. Pühendusteos Peeter Pällile 65. sünnipäevaks [In the Name of Names: A Festschrift for Peeter Päll on His 65th Birthday]. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 89. Tallinn: Emakeele Selts. 415 pp. ISBN 978-9916-9822-9-7.

Official publication page and table of contents
Free full-text PDF
Announcement of the Festschrift's presentation on 19 March 2026


EESTIKEELNE VERSIOON

Nimede nimel: uus pühendusteos Peeter Pällile 65. sünnipäevaks

Kuidas oleks parem tähistada nimeuurija juubelit kui raamatuga nimedest?

19. märtsil 2026 esitleti Eesti Keele Instituudis Peeter Pällile pühendatud üllatuskogumikku Nimede nimel. Pühendusteos Peeter Pällile 65. sünnipäevaks. Mahukas teos ilmus Emakeele Seltsi toimetiste 89. numbrina ning selle koostasid ja toimetasid Tiina Paet, Tiina Laansalu ja Marit Alas.

415-leheküljelisse kogumikku kuulub 36 kirjutist 45 autorilt Eestist, Lätist, Soomest, Rootsist, Austriast, Ungarist, Inglismaalt, Kanadast ja Sambiast. See on korraga nii teaduslik artiklikogumik, rahvusvahelise nimekorralduse käsiraamatulaadne peegeldus kui ka väga isiklik juubeliraamat.

Rahvusvahelise nimeuurijate kogukonna jaoks teeb väljaande eriti väärtuslikuks asjaolu, et kogu raamat on veebis vabalt kättesaadav.

Loe ja laadi alla kogu raamat tasuta PDFina

Raamatu ametlik lehekülg Emakeele Seltsi veebis

Kes on Peeter Päll?

Kogumiku erakordselt lai teemadering peegeldab hästi juubilari enda tegevust.

Peeter Päll on Eesti Keele Instituudi juhtivkeelekorraldaja, nimeuurija ja rahvusvaheliselt tunnustatud nimeekspert. Ta lõpetas Tartu Ülikooli 1984. aastal eesti filoloogia erialal, omandas 1995. aastal magistrikraadi ning kaitses 2005. aastal doktoritöö Võõrnimed eestikeelses tekstis. EKI andmetel on ta avaldanud üle 80 publikatsiooni. Tema tähtsamate tööde hulka kuuluvad Maailma kohanimed ning koos teiste uurijatega koostatud ja toimetatud Eesti kohanimeraamat.

Pälli tegevuses kohtuvad valdkonnad, mida sageli eraldi vaadeldakse: nimeuurimine, nimekorraldus, võõrnimede kirjutamine, latinisatsioon, kohanimeandmebaasid, keelenõuanne ja rahvusvaheline nimekorraldus.

  1. aastal pälvis ta F. J. Wiedemanni keeleauhinna järjepideva ja väärtusliku panuse eest eesti keele, kultuuri ja identiteedi kindlustamisse nimeuurija ja keelekorraldajana. Auhinna puhul tõsteti esile tema tööd Eesti ja maailma kohanimede korrastamisel, kohanimeandmebaasi arendamisel ning Eesti kohanimeraamatu loomisel.

Oluline on ka tema pikaajaline rahvusvaheline tegevus ÜRO kohanimeekspertide rühmas UNGEGN. Päll on koostanud ÜRO-le muu hulgas Eesti nimekorraldust ja veebipõhist Eesti kohanimeraamatut tutvustavaid dokumente.

Seetõttu pole Nimede nimel lihtsalt eri teemadel kirjutatud juubeliartiklite kogum. Raamatu ülesehitus moodustab omamoodi Peeter Pälli teadusliku ja professionaalse tegevuse portree.


Maailm nimepeeglis

Esimese suure osa pealkiri on Maailm nimepeeglis. Sellesse koondatud 13 uurimust näitavad erakordselt hästi, kui palju võib maailmast teada saada nimesid uurides.

Kogumik algab väga sobivalt juubilari enda nimest. Marja Kallasmaa uurib artiklis Päll eesti kohanimedes nime Päll Eesti kohanimistus. Fred Puss küsib kirjutises Kus on Pällu kodu?, kus paikneb Pällide perekonnanime geograafiline kese. Hiljem lisavad Mari Vaus ja Kairi Janson sellele isiklikuma anthroponüümilise mõõtme artikliga Peetrile Peetritest.

Seejärel avardub nimekaart kiiresti. Lembit Vaba käsitleb maastikusõnu mala ja malu Eesti kohanimedes. Jüri Viikberg uurib eestlaste kohanimesid Siberis — suurepärane näide sellest, kuidas ränne võib viia koos inimestega uude paika ka terve nimemaastiku.

Enn Ernits vaatleb veekogude ja rannajooneobjektide nimetusi isuri keeles. Valts Ernštreits ja Karl Pajusalu uurivad liivi külanimesid Kuramaa ja Liivimaa maastikel ning Arvis Kiristaja käsitleb Petserimaa limnonüümide ehk järvenimede muutumist.

Need uurimused tuletavad meelde üht kohanimeuurimise põhitõde: nimi pole ainult geograafilise objekti silt. Kohanimedes võivad säilida kadunud sõnad, varasemad keeled, asustuslugu, rahvaste kontaktid ja vanad viisid maastikku liigendada.

Soome nimeuurija Terhi Ainiala artikkel Place Names as Living Heritage. Emotional Landscapes in Helsinki viib tähelepanu nime etümoloogialt inimese ja koha suhtele. Mõiste „elav pärand“ on siin eriti tähenduslik: kohanimed pole üksnes ajalooallikad, vaid midagi, mida inimesed kasutavad, mäletavad ja emotsionaalselt enda omaks peavad.

Kogumiku geograafiat avardab tähelepanuväärselt Chanda Penda uurimus Identity Switch for Survival. From Chanda Bulaya to Samson Jackson, a Black African in England, 1914–1935. Nimevahetus asetatakse siin rassi, rände ja ellujäämise ajaloolisse konteksti. Nimi ei ole enam lihtsalt keeleline vorm, vaid võib saada identiteedi kaitsmise ja ümberkujundamise vahendiks.

Anu Pedaja-Ansen ja Annika Viht uurivad nimede tõlkimise valikuid esimestes Vana Testamendi eestindustes. Sirkka Paikkala ja Jarmo Paikkala jälgivad üle Soome lahe liikunud perekonnanimesid ning Annika Hussar käsitleb eesnimesid mitmekultuurilisuse ristteel.

Üheskoos ulatuvad selle osa uurimused vanadest maastikusõnadest tänapäevase mitmekultuurilise eesnimevalikuni. Seepärast on osa pealkiri väga täpne: nimedest võib tõepoolest saada peegel, mille kaudu vaadata maailma.


Kuidas taltsutada nimesid?

Teine mahukas osa kannab tabavat pealkirja Kuidas taltsutada nimesid ning keskendub nimekorraldusele — valdkonnale, millega Peeter Pälli rahvusvaheline tegevus on eriti tihedalt seotud.

Osa avab Helen Kerfooti artikkel The Contributions of Peeter Päll and Estonia to the United Nations’ Activities on Geographical Names. See käsitleb Pälli ja Eesti panust ÜRO kohanimekorraldusse ning asetab juubilari tegevuse otseselt rahvusvahelisse konteksti.

Kohanimede latiniseerimist käsitlevad kaks tuntud nimekorraldajat. Catherine Cheetham vaatleb latinisatsiooni olevikku ja tulevikku, Paul Woodman aga latiniseerimist muutuvas maailmas. Need teemad haakuvad otseselt Pälli pikaajalise uurimistööga võõrnimede ja eri kirjasüsteemide alal.

Peter Jordan küsib, miks tekivad eksonüümid — miks kasutavad keeled väljaspool oma keeleala paiknevate kohtade kohta sageli kohaliku nime asemel oma traditsioonilist nimekuju.

Läti kogemust esindavad Vita Strautniece, kes vaatleb Läti esimesi samme UNGEGN-is, ning Jurģis Kavacs, kes käsitleb Läti kohanimede erijooni.

Sami Suviranta uurib Espoo sildade ja tunnelite nimesid, näidates, et nimekorraldus ei puuduta sugugi ainult riike, linnu ja suuri loodusobjekte. Ka igapäevase linnaruumi väiksed objektid vajavad läbimõeldud nimesüsteemi.

Eriti päevakajaline on Staffan Nyströmi Fria Ukrainas Plats in Stockholm. A Contested Name, a Political Stance, a Gesture of Solidarity. Stockholmi Vaba Ukraina platsi nimi on siin korraga kohanimi, poliitiline seisukohavõtt ja solidaarsusakt. Uppsala Ülikooli publikatsioonide andmebaas registreerib artikli eraldi 2026. aasta publikatsioonina.

See on väga selge näide sellest, et kohanimed ei ole alati neutraalsed. Nimepanek võib olla avalik argument, mälupoliitika ja geopoliitiline sõnum.

Katharina Leibring liigub kohanimedelt isikunimede juurde ning küsib Rootsi 2017. aasta isikunimeseaduse näitel, kas isikunimeseadust üldse vajatakse ja milliseid probleeme õiguslik nimekorraldus kaasa toob.

Eesti nimemaastiku juurde toovad osa tagasi Ott Kurs, kes käsitleb turgi kohanimesid Eesti trükisõnas; Mariko Faster ja Evar Saar, kes analüüsivad katastriüksuste nimesid ametlike kohanimedena; ning Toomas Kiho, kes küsib artiklis Vaesestatud Tartu nimegeograafia. Kuidas sedasi ja kuidas edasi, mida on Tartu linnanimistus kaotatud ja kuidas võiks nimemaastikku tulevikus arendada.

Kogu osa tuletab meelde, miks nimekorraldus on palju enamat kui õigekiri.

Nimesid tuleb uurida, aga neid tuleb ka standardida, latiniseerida, õiguslikult reguleerida, ametlikult kinnitada ja vahel päris uusi nimesid luua.


Sõnast sõnaraamatuni

Kolmas teadusosa, Sõnast sõnaraamatuni, viib lugeja nimeuurimisest keelekorralduse ja leksikoloogia juurde.

Ulla Onkamo käsitleb vorme Viro ja viro Soome kodumaiste keelte keskuse keelenõuandes — juhtumit, kus suur ja väike algustäht puudutavad otseselt nime ja üldsõna vahekorda.

Tiina Leemets kirjutab värvika pealkirja all Paabeli segadus veganmuffinitega omadussõnade moodustamise probleemidest. Udo Uibo uurib verbi keevitama päritolu. Szilárd Tibor Tóth lisab uusi tähelepanekuid toidunimetuse pelmeen etümoloogiasse ning Asta Õim küsib: Mis on uudne metafoor?

Pelmeenid, keevitamine, metafoorid ja kohanimed võivad esmapilgul tunduda üllatava kombinatsioonina. Festschrifti tervikus on seos siiski selge. Peeter Pälli tegevus kuulub Eesti keeleteaduse traditsiooni, kus nimekorraldus, üldine keelekorraldus, keelenõuanne ja leksikograafia on omavahel tihedalt seotud.


Peetriga. Peetrist. Peetrile

Juubeliraamat poleks päris juubeliraamat ilma isikliku mõõtmeta.

Viimases osas Peetriga. Peetrist. Peetrile astuvad teadusartiklite asemele kolleegide mälestused ja portreed.

Tiina Leemets, Argo Mund ja Maire Raadik kirjutavad Peetrist kolleegina. Marja Kallasmaa meenutab koostööd Eesti kohanimeraamatu valmimisel. Indrek Hein vaatleb Peetrit peakeelekorraldajana, Tiina Paet õpetaja ja juhendajana ning Tiina Laansalu rahvusvahelise nimekorraldajana. Rahvusvaheliste kolleegide vaate lisavad Laimute Balode, Dace Kavace ja Sanda Rapa.

Need kirjutised näitavad midagi, mida publikatsioonide loend üksinda ei suuda edasi anda. Teadlase mõju sünnib ka õpilastest, kolleegidest, ühiselt loodud andmebaasidest ja teatmeteostest, nõuannetest, töörühmadest ning aastakümnete pikkusest koostööst.


Pühendusteos, mis peegeldab juubilari ennast

Hea pühendusteos ei ole juhuslik artiklite kogum. Selle sisus peaks olema võimalik ära tunda inimese teadusmaailm, kellele raamat on pühendatud.

Nimede nimel teeb seda eriti hästi.

Esimene osa uurib nimesid kui keele-, ajaloo- ja ühiskonnanähtusi. Teine näitab, kuidas neid nimesid tuleb päriselus korraldada ja standardida. Kolmas asetab nimekorralduse laiemasse keelekorralduse ja leksikoloogia raamistikku. Viimane annab kõigile neile tegevustele inimliku mõõtme.

See järgnevus sarnaneb üllatavalt hästi Peeter Pälli enda karjääriga.

Ühe kohanimega võivad korraga tegelda etümoloog, sotsiolingvist, nimekorraldaja, kirjasüsteemide spetsialist, andmebaasi koostaja, kohaliku omavalitsuse ametnik ja rahvusvaheline nimeekspert.

Vähesed teadlased liiguvad sama loomulikult kõigi nende valdkondade vahel.

Nimede nimel näitab, et Peeter Päll on üks neist.

Eesti rahvusvahelise nimeuurimise keskmes

Tähelepanuväärne on ka kogumiku rahvusvahelisus. 45 autorit üheksast riigist ning teemad Siberist Inglismaa ja ÜRO nimekorralduseni näitavad, et tegemist ei ole üksnes Eesti-sisese juubeliraamatuga.

Samas jääb Eesti raamatu loomulikuks keskpunktiks.

Väikese keelekogukonna jaoks ei ole nimed teisejärguline teema. Võõrnimede kirjakuju, ajalooliste kohanimede säilitamine, vähemuskeelsete nimekujude tunnustamine, eksonüümid ja geograafiliste nimede standardimine puudutavad otseselt keelt, kultuurimälu ja identiteeti.

Peeter Pälli tegevus ning talle pühendatud kogumik näitavad, kuidas Eesti on sellest praktilisest vajadusest kujundanud kõrgetasemelise teadusliku ja rahvusvahelise kompetentsi.

Ja kogu raamat on vabalt loetav

Rahvusvahelise teadusüldsuse seisukohast on veel üks oluline põhjus Nimede nimel esile tõsta: kogu 415-leheküljeline raamat on avatud juurdepääsuga.

Paljud pühendusteosed ilmuvad väikese tiraažiga ning muutuvad väljaspool ilmumisriiki kiiresti raskesti kättesaadavaks. Selle kogumiku puhul saab aga iga nimeuurija, toponüümika, antroponüümika, nimekorralduse, latinisatsiooni, keelepoliitika või leksikoloogia huviline teose kohe avada ja lugeda.

Ametlik väljaandelehekülg annab artiklite pealkirjad ka inglise keeles ning David Ogren on tõlkinud inglise keelde kokkuvõtted.

See avatus sobib eriti hästi raamatule, mis on pühendatud inimesele, kelle aastakümnete pikkuse töö üks eesmärke on olnud muuta nimed eri keelte ja kirjasüsteemide vahel arusaadavaks, korrektseks ja kasutatavaks.

Bibliograafilised andmed

Paet, Tiina, Tiina Laansalu & Marit Alas (koost ja toim). 2026. Nimede nimel. Pühendusteos Peeter Pällile 65. sünnipäevaks. Emakeele Seltsi toimetised 89. Tallinn: Emakeele Selts. 415 lk. ISBN 978-9916-9822-9-7.

Raamatu ametlik lehekülg ja sisukord
Tasuta täistekst PDFina
Emakeele Seltsi teade raamatu esitlusest 19. märtsil 2026 



Sunday, September 6, 2026

Call for Contributions: International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research (IJBAR), Volumes 4 and 5, 2026

 The International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research (IJBAR) has announced a call for contributions for its forthcoming Volumes 4 and 5 (2026). The journal welcomes research devoted to different aspects of Amazigh/Berber language, history, and culture, with a broad interdisciplinary scope encompassing linguistics, onomastics, literature, history, anthropology, sociology, and related fields.

Research articles, review studies, critical essays, and other scholarly contributions are invited.

For onomasticians in particular, the call is especially relevant, as Amazigh/Berber onomastics - including anthroponymy and toponymy - is explicitly listed among the journal’s priority research areas.

Suggested research areas

The editors particularly welcome contributions on the following topics:

  • Amazigh/Berber linguistics: phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, lexicography, and related areas;
  • Amazigh/Berber dialectology;
  • Amazigh/Berber onomastics, including anthroponymy and toponymy;
  • Amazigh/Berber literature, including poetry, folktales, novels, and other genres;
  • Cultural heritage and practices of Amazigh/Berber communities, approached from anthropological, ethnological, sociological, semiotic, and related perspectives;
  • Prehistory and history of Tamazgha/Berberia;
  • Amazigh/Berber and the reconstruction of ancient languages of Europe and the Mediterranean region;
  • Codification and standardization of Amazigh/Berber;
  • Teaching of Amazigh/Berber;
  • Preservation and promotion of Amazigh/Berber;
  • the effects of globalization and socio-economic and political change on Amazigh/Berber language and culture.

The range of subjects reflects the necessarily interdisciplinary character of Amazigh studies, where language, territory, naming practices, historical memory, and cultural identity are closely interconnected.

A particularly welcome opportunity for onomastic research

The explicit inclusion of anthroponymy and toponymy among the priority fields makes this call especially noteworthy for the international onomastic community.

The Amazigh-speaking world offers an exceptionally rich field for research into proper names: the transmission of ancient place names, dialectal variation in toponymy, coexistence between Amazigh, Arabic, and French forms, questions of graphic standardization, tribal and group names, traditional personal naming practices, renaming, and the effects of language policy.

Proper names can also preserve valuable evidence concerning the historical and linguistic layers of Tamazgha, while contemporary naming practices reveal ongoing changes in North African linguistic landscapes.

Researchers working on the relationship between language, identity, territory, and naming will therefore find this call particularly relevant.

Submission guidelines

Prospective authors are advised to consult the journal’s editorial policies and author guidelines, including recommendations on style, formatting, and bibliographical references.

The guidelines for authors are available here:

Author Guidelines – IJBAR

Manuscripts should preferably be submitted through the journal’s online platform:

Submit a manuscript to IJBAR

Submissions may also be sent by email to:

journalijbar@gmail.com

For more information about the journal and its publications, visit:

International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research – Official Website

Deadlines

The 2026 call concerns two forthcoming issues:

Volume 4 - submission deadline: end of April 2026
Volume 5 - submission deadline: end of September 2026

As the deadline for Volume 4 has already passed, researchers interested in responding to the call can still submit contributions for Volume 5 until the end of September 2026.

About IJBAR

The International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research is dedicated to the study of Amazigh/Berber language and culture in their broadest dimensions. The thematic range of this call - from phonology to prehistory, from literature to language standardization, from onomastics to globalization - reflects the journal’s ambition to bring together different scholarly approaches to the Amazigh world.

For the international onomastic community, the call offers a valuable opportunity to integrate Amazigh proper names more fully into comparative research on anthroponyms, toponyms, language contact, identity, and naming policies.

Call for Contributions: International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research (IJBAR), Volume 5, 2026 - submission deadline: end of September 2026.




L’International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research (IJBAR) lance un appel à contributions pour ses volumes 4 et 5 (2026). La revue accueille des travaux consacrés aux différents aspects de la langue, de l’histoire et de la culture amazighes/berbères, dans une perspective largement ouverte aux approches linguistiques, onomastiques, littéraires, historiques, anthropologiques et socioculturelles.

Articles de recherche, études de synthèse et essais critiques peuvent être proposés.

Pour les onomasticiens, l’appel mérite une attention particulière : l’onomastique amazighe/berbère - anthroponymie et toponymie - figure explicitement parmi les axes prioritaires de la revue.

Axes de recherche

Les éditeurs invitent notamment les chercheurs à soumettre des contributions portant sur :

  • Linguistique amazighe/berbère : phonétique et phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe, sémantique, lexicographie, etc. ;
  • Dialectologie amazighe/berbère ;
  • Onomastique amazighe/berbère, notamment anthroponymie et toponymie ;
  • Littérature amazighe/berbère : poésie, conte, roman et autres formes littéraires ;
  • Patrimoine et pratiques culturelles des communautés amazighes/berbères, abordés notamment sous des perspectives anthropologiques, ethnologiques, sociologiques ou sémiologiques ;
  • Préhistoire et histoire de la Tamezgha/Berbérie ;
  • rapports entre l’amazighe/berbère et la reconstruction des langues anciennes de l’Europe et du pourtour méditerranéen ;
  • codification et normalisation de l’amazighe/berbère ;
  • enseignement de la langue amazighe/berbère ;
  • préservation et promotion de l’amazighe/berbère ;
  • effets de la mondialisation et des transformations socio-économiques et politiques sur la langue et la culture amazighes/berbères.

Cette diversité thématique reflète le caractère nécessairement interdisciplinaire des études amazighes. Langue, territoire, pratiques de dénomination, mémoire historique et identité culturelle y sont étroitement liés.

Une ouverture particulière à l’onomastique amazighe

La présence explicite de l’anthroponymie et de la toponymie parmi les thèmes privilégiés est particulièrement bienvenue.

Le domaine amazighe constitue en effet un terrain extrêmement riche pour les recherches onomastiques : transmission des toponymes anciens, variation dialectale des noms de lieux, coexistence de formes amazighes, arabes ou francisées, normalisation graphique, noms de tribus et de groupes, anthroponymie traditionnelle, changements de noms et politiques linguistiques.

Les noms peuvent également fournir des informations précieuses sur les différentes couches linguistiques et historiques de la Tamezgha, ainsi que sur les transformations contemporaines des paysages linguistiques nord-africains.

Les chercheurs travaillant sur les rapports entre langue, identité, territoire et nomination trouveront donc dans cet appel un cadre particulièrement approprié.

Soumission des articles

Les auteurs sont invités à consulter attentivement les directives de la revue, notamment les recommandations concernant la présentation des textes, le style et les références bibliographiques.

Les instructions destinées aux auteurs sont disponibles ici :

Directives aux auteurs – IJBAR

Les manuscrits peuvent être déposés directement à travers la plateforme de la revue :

Soumettre une contribution à IJBAR

Les contributions peuvent également être adressées par courriel à :

journalijbar@gmail.com

Pour consulter la revue, ses informations éditoriales et ses publications :

International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research – page officielle

Dates limites

Deux numéros sont concernés par l’appel 2026 :

Volume 4 - date limite : fin avril 2026
Volume 5 - date limite : fin septembre 2026

La date limite du volume 4 étant désormais passée, les chercheurs souhaitant répondre à cet appel peuvent encore soumettre leurs propositions pour le volume 5 jusqu’à la fin septembre 2026.

À propos de l’IJBAR

L’International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research se veut un espace consacré à l’étude de la langue et des cultures amazighes/berbères dans toute leur diversité. L’étendue des thèmes proposés dans cet appel - de la phonologie à la préhistoire, de la littérature à la normalisation linguistique, de l’onomastique aux transformations provoquées par la mondialisation — souligne l’ambition de faire dialoguer différentes disciplines autour du monde amazighe.

Pour la communauté onomastique internationale, cet appel offre notamment l’occasion de mieux intégrer les noms propres amazighs dans la recherche comparative sur les anthroponymes, les toponymes, le contact des langues et les politiques de dénomination.

Appel à contributions : International Journal of Berber/Amazigh Research (IJBAR), volume 5, 2026 - date limite : fin septembre 2026.

Saturday, September 5, 2026

When a Proper Name Becomes an Ordinary Word: Diana-Maria Coman Grou’s New Study of Deonomastic Lexicalization in Romanian

What happens when a proper name ceases to identify one unique person or place and begins to designate an entire class of objects, people, behaviours or concepts? At that moment, something particularly interesting happens at the border between onomastics and lexicology. A linguistic form moves from the world of names into the ordinary vocabulary of a language. The proper name loses, partly or completely, its original identifying function and acquires a lexical meaning of its own.


This transition is the subject of a new Romanian monograph by Diana-Maria Coman Grou, Lexicalizarea numelor proprii în limba română (The Lexicalization of Proper Names in the Romanian Language), published by Pro Universitaria in 2026. The publisher dates the volume to 6 July 2026 and describes it as a systematic study of the transfer of proper names into the class of common nouns and of the replacement of an onomastic function by a lexical one. The publisher gives 217 pages, while Libris lists 218.

Book page at Pro Universitaria

The apparently specialized subject is in fact remarkably broad. The vocabulary of almost every European language contains words whose biographies began as proper names. Sometimes the original name remains easily recognizable; sometimes centuries of borrowing and semantic change have almost completely concealed it. What interests Coman Grou is not simply the collection of curious etymologies, however, but the linguistic mechanism by which names become words. That distinction makes this volume particularly relevant to onomasticians.

From a doctoral project to a monograph

The book grows out of a substantial doctoral research project bearing the same title. Diana-Maria Coman (Grou) defended the dissertation at Ovidius University of Constanța on 27 September 2024, within the Doctoral School of Humanities, under the supervision of Prof. Emiliea-Domnița Tomescu, one of the major specialists in Romanian onomastics. The Romanian and English summaries of the dissertation remain publicly accessible through the university. This background is valuable because the doctoral summary makes the architecture and objectives of the research much more visible than a short commercial description can. The central problem is formulated as a movement: proper name → common lexical item. But behind that arrow lie several separate questions. What semantic change makes the transfer possible? Does the new word enter Romanian directly from a Romanian proper name, or was the lexicalization already completed in another language before Romanian borrowed the resulting word? Does the new common noun retain the spelling of the original proper name? What happens to grammatical gender and number? And at what point can we say that the old onomastic function has truly disappeared?

The thesis summary explicitly identifies the study of the degree of lexicalization—whether the original onomastic function is retained or lost—as one of the research’s elements of originality. Fully lexicalized forms, in Coman Grou’s analysis, leave the proper-name class and become stable vocabulary items, usually accompanied by semantic and grammatical changes.

Two linguistic worlds that constantly exchange material

The first major part of the study establishes the theoretical relationship between lexicon and onomastics. This relationship is not one-way. Ordinary words can become names: a common noun, adjective or other lexical item may acquire the function of identifying an individual person or place. Conversely, a proper name may return to the lexicon as a common word.

Coman Grou had already explored this reciprocal relationship in an earlier article, Relația dintre lexicologie și onomastică (“The Relationship between Lexicology and Onomastics”). There she argued that the two domains are interdependent: lexical material constantly migrates toward onomastics, while proper names can in turn generate new simple, derived or compound lexical units.

The book develops this idea by contrasting lexicalization with the reverse phenomenon of onomasticization. The public table of contents of the doctoral study places this distinction at the beginning of the theoretical chapter, followed immediately by detailed discussions of antonomasia and eponymy. This is more important than it may initially appear, because the terms are often used rather loosely.

Antonomasia, eponymy and lexicalization: not quite the same thing

One of the strongest theoretical components of the research is the attempt to distinguish three closely connected phenomena: antonomasia, eponymy and lexicalization. Antonomasia is traditionally discussed as a rhetorical device. A famous individual can become the model for a type of person, so that their name is temporarily used to characterize somebody else. But a rhetorical innovation does not automatically become a permanent word of the language.

That transition requires conventionalization. In other words, there is an important difference between using a proper name metaphorically on one particular occasion and using a deonomastic form that speakers recognize as an established lexical item.

Coman Grou has devoted a separate study to “Eponymy and Antonomasia – Similarities and Differences.” Her aim there is precisely to determine where the two mechanisms function stylistically and where they have genuinely entered the lexical system. The study emphasizes that both phenomena originate in proper names, but their functions and degrees of stabilization need to be distinguished.

The distinction becomes one of the conceptual strengths of the new monograph. Not every figurative use of a name is a new word. Lexicalization is a process, and different forms may stand at different points along it.

Where Romanian deonomastics came from

The second major section moves from theory into etymology. Here the book constructs an inventory of Romanian lexical units originating in proper names and makes a crucial distinction between two categories: deonomastic lexical borrowings and Romanian deonomastic lexical creations. The publisher explicitly identifies this separation according to source language as one of the book’s principal tasks.

The difference is fundamental. A Romanian word may ultimately derive from a proper name without the name-to-word transformation having taken place in Romanian itself. The lexicalized product may first have developed in French, Italian, German or another language and only later have been borrowed into Romanian. This is why the study begins the section on external sources with French deonomastic borrowings. The full dissertation table of contents records that subsection explicitly.

The approach therefore avoids a common etymological simplification. Saying that a Romanian common noun “comes from a proper name” does not yet tell us where lexicalization actually happened. One has to reconstruct the chain: proper name → deonomastic word in language A → borrowing into Romanian or, alternatively: Romanian proper name → Romanian lexical creation. This distinction allows deonomastics to become part of the larger history of language contact and vocabulary enrichment.

Biblical people, saints and places hidden inside ordinary vocabulary

Some of the most accessible examples of Coman Grou’s method can be found in her related research on religious deonyms in Romanian. Her study identifies words whose histories ultimately lead back to Biblical or Christian proper names. Examples discussed there include Romanian adamic, traced through French adamique to Adam; benedictin, ultimately associated with Benedict of Nursia; and lazaret, connected through its European history with the Biblical Lazarus. She also examines deonyms connected with sacred place names, including forms associated with Calvary/Golgotha.

These examples illustrate beautifully why deonomastics can be difficult. For an ordinary speaker, such a word may function simply as vocabulary. Its proper-name origin may no longer be consciously perceived at all. The name has, in effect, become linguistically invisible inside the word. And that is precisely what full lexicalization can accomplish: a form that once pointed toward one unique referent eventually acquires a generalized lexical meaning.

The semantic life of lexicalized names

The third major part of the book is devoted to semantics, and here the investigation becomes especially ambitious. According to the doctoral table of contents, the author first examines the semantic properties of common nouns and proper names, including the long-standing problem of whether - and in what sense—proper names possess “meaning.” She then turns to the semantic transformations that occur when proper names enter the lexical class.

This is a central theoretical problem in onomastics. A proper name primarily identifies: Maria, Bucharest, Danube, Napoleon. A common noun, by contrast, normally categorizes. It tells us that something belongs to a class. Lexicalization therefore involves a profound functional change: individualization → categorization. A unique referent provides the basis for a generalized concept.

Coman Grou does not stop at individual etymologies. She organizes deonomastic common nouns into lexico-semantic fields, thus asking which areas of reality are especially productive in the transformation of names into vocabulary. The doctoral research identifies the establishment and inventorying of these fields as another original contribution.

Her 2023 article on the semantic aspects of lexicalization already anticipated this approach. It classifies deonomastic words by semantic field, vocabulary range and number of meanings, and distinguishes simple forms, derivatives formed with prefixes or suffixes, and the comparatively rarer compounds. This transforms the study from a collection of individual lexical curiosities into a systematic description of a subsystem of Romanian vocabulary.

Anthroponyms and toponyms do not behave identically

Another important feature is the distinction between different onomastic source series. The semantic chapter separately discusses an anthroponymic series and a toponymic series of lexicalized names. This matters because a personal name and a place name typically motivate new words in different ways.

Anthroponyms may lexicalize because a person becomes emblematic of a behaviour, invention, doctrine, object or social type. Toponyms, by contrast, can become common words through association with products, materials, events, cultural practices or phenomena linked to a particular place.

Once lexicalized, however, speakers may no longer recognize whether the word began with a person, a city, a region, a Biblical locality or a mythological figure. The book consequently restores the onomastic biography hidden behind ordinary lexical forms.

What grammar tells us about whether a name has really become a word

The fourth major component examines something that popular discussions of eponyms almost always overlook: grammar. When a proper name becomes a Romanian common noun, it must begin behaving like a Romanian lexical item. That can involve changes in spelling and pronunciation, but also much more fundamental grammatical adaptation. The dissertation investigates structural types - simple,  derived and compound forms - as well as gender, number and determination. Its table of contents even distinguishes deonomastic creations whose grammatical gender remains the same as that of the source name from those whose gender changes during lexicalization.

This provides a particularly useful diagnostic of lexical integration. Capitalization may disappear. Plural forms become possible. Articles and other determiners can be attached. A lexicalized item acquires the morphology expected of an ordinary Romanian noun. In other words, grammar can reveal something that etymology alone cannot: how far the form has travelled away from its original status as a proper name.

A continuum rather than an instant transformation

One of the more interesting implications of the book is that lexicalization should not always be imagined as an instantaneous switch. There can be intermediate stages. A famous proper name may initially appear as an expressive comparison. Repeated usage can make the comparison familiar. The association becomes conventional. The form can then acquire a generalized meaning, lose capitalization, develop derivatives or plural forms and finally enter dictionaries as an independent lexical item.

This suggests a continuum: proper name → contextual antonomasia → recurrent figurative use → conventionalized deonym → fully lexicalized common word. Coman Grou’s concern with the degree of lexicalization is therefore particularly valuable. It connects literary and rhetorical usage with lexicography, semantics and morphology rather than treating them as unrelated phenomena.

An extensive index as an onomastic resource

The study does not end with theoretical conclusions. The doctoral version contains an extensive Index of Proper Names That Have Become Common Names, beginning on page 207 of the thesis. For onomasticians, lexicologists and lexicographers, such an index is potentially one of the volume’s most practically useful elements. It turns the analytical research into a reference resource.

This is important because Romanian scholarship certainly had earlier studies of proper names becoming appellatives and dictionaries of eponyms, but the phenomenon had often been approached from individual lexical groups, particular terminologies or narrower questions. Coman Grou explicitly aims at an integrated account combining etymology, semantics and grammar. The publisher likewise presents the volume as an overview of lexicalization as a complex and dynamic process examined from these three perspectives.

A research programme developed over several years

The monograph also brings together a line of research that can be followed through the author’s preceding publications. In 2021, while affiliated with Ovidius University, Coman Grou was already presenting research on the relationship between lexicology and onomastics. Her later work examined the semantic organization of lexicalized proper names, the distinction between eponymy and antonomasia, and specialized groups such as religious deonyms. The 2026 book can therefore be read not as an isolated publication but as the consolidation of a research programme developed across several years and ultimately formalized in the doctoral dissertation.

Bibliographical information: Diana-Maria Coman Grou, Lexicalizarea numelor proprii în limba română. Bucharest: Pro Universitaria, 2026. The publisher records the publication date as 6 July 2026 and gives 217 pages; Libris gives 218 pages.

The volume at UJMAG
Publisher's presentation at Pro Universitaria
English summary of the underlying doctoral thesis – Ovidius University
Romanian summary of the doctoral thesis – Ovidius University



Când numele propriu devine cuvânt: Diana-Maria Coman Grou și lexicalizarea numelor proprii în limba română

Ce se întâmplă atunci când un nume propriu încetează să mai identifice exclusiv o persoană sau un loc și începe să denumească o întreagă categorie de obiecte, persoane, comportamente sau concepte?

În acel moment se produce unul dintre cele mai interesante fenomene aflate la granița dintre onomastică și lexicologie. Forma lingvistică trece din inventarul numelor proprii în vocabularul comun. Funcția de individualizare se estompează sau dispare, iar numele dobândește o semnificație lexicală proprie.

Acestui proces îi este consacrat noul volum al Dianei-Maria Coman Grou, Lexicalizarea numelor proprii în limba română, publicat în 2026 la Editura Pro Universitaria. Editura indică data apariției de 6 iulie 2026 și definește obiectul lucrării drept cercetarea transferului numelor proprii în clasa numelor comune și a înlocuirii funcției onomastice cu cea lexicală. Pagina editurii indică 217 pagini, iar Libris, 218.

Pagina volumului la Pro Universitaria

Subiectul poate părea la prima vedere foarte specializat. În realitate, el atinge un mecanism fundamental al evoluției vocabularului. Limbile conțin numeroase cuvinte care, dacă le reconstruim istoria, ne conduc spre un antroponim, toponim, nume biblic, nume mitologic sau alt nume propriu.

Meritul cercetării nu constă însă într-o simplă colecție de etimologii spectaculoase. Întrebarea fundamentală este alta:

cum devine un nume propriu un cuvânt?

De la teza de doctorat la monografia din 2026

Volumul continuă o amplă cercetare doctorală cu același titlu. Diana-Maria Coman (Grou) și-a susținut public teza la Universitatea „Ovidius” din Constanța la 27 septembrie 2024, în cadrul Școlii Doctorale de Științe Umaniste, sub coordonarea prof. univ. dr. Emiliea-Domnița Tomescu. Rezumatele în română și engleză sunt disponibile public pe site-ul universității.

Această filiație este importantă deoarece rezumatul tezei ne permite să înțelegem mult mai precis arhitectura cercetării.

Problema centrală poate fi reprezentată printr-o transformare aparent simplă:

nume propriu → nume comun

Dar procesul ridică imediat numeroase întrebări. Unde are loc schimbarea semantică? A devenit numele comun direct în română sau limba română a împrumutat un deonomastic deja format în franceză ori în altă limbă? Se păstrează forma grafică a numelui originar? Se schimbă genul gramatical? Poate forma nouă să aibă plural? Când dispare cu adevărat funcția onomastică?

Între elementele de originalitate ale tezei, autoarea menționează tocmai stabilirea gradului de lexicalizare, în funcție de păstrarea sau pierderea funcției onomastice. Forma complet lexicalizată părăsește clasa numelor proprii și devine unitate stabilă a vocabularului, procesul fiind însoțit de transformări semantice și gramaticale.

Lexicul și onomastica: două teritorii între care cuvintele circulă

Prima parte importantă a cercetării construiește cadrul teoretic al relației dintre lexic și onomastică.

Această relație funcționează în ambele direcții.

Un cuvânt comun poate deveni nume propriu prin onomasticizare. La rândul său, un nume propriu poate reintra în lexicul comun prin lexicalizare.

Autoarea analizase deja acest raport într-un studiu intitulat Relația dintre lexicologie și onomastică, unde vorbește despre interdependența celor două domenii. Materialul lexical migrează spre onomastică, iar numele proprii pot genera, în sens invers, cuvinte simple, derivate sau compuse, contribuind la îmbogățirea vocabularului.

Cuprinsul public al cercetării doctorale arată că această relație este urmată de analiza comparativă a lexicalizării și onomasticizării și apoi de două concepte esențiale pentru întregul volum: antonomaza și eponimia.

Antonomază, eponimie și lexicalizare

Una dintre cele mai interesante contribuții teoretice este încercarea de a delimita fenomene care sunt adesea confundate.

Antonomaza poate funcționa ca procedeu stilistic. Numele unei persoane cunoscute poate fi utilizat pentru a caracteriza, prin analogie, o altă persoană. Dar aceasta nu înseamnă automat că limba a dobândit deja un cuvânt nou.

Pentru aceasta este nevoie de stabilizare și convenționalizare.

Există, așadar, o diferență importantă între folosirea ocazională și figurată a unui nume și apariția unei forme recunoscute de comunitatea lingvistică drept unitate lexicală.

Coman Grou a consacrat separat acestei probleme studiul Eponimia și antonomaza – asemănări și deosebiri. Autoarea cercetează aici tocmai diferența dintre funcționarea celor două fenomene în plan stilistic și în plan lexical, utilizând un corpus de forme deonomastice.

Din această perspectivă, una dintre ideile importante ale volumului poate fi formulată astfel:

nu orice folosire metaforică a unui nume propriu înseamnă că s-a format deja un cuvânt nou.

Lexicalizarea presupune un proces și, implicit, grade diferite de stabilizare.

Unde s-au format deonomasticele românești?

Al doilea capitol principal trece spre etimologie.

Lucrarea inventariază unitățile lexicale provenite de la nume proprii și separă două categorii fundamentale: împrumuturile lexicale deonomastice și creațiile lexicale deonomastice românești. Această distincție apare explicit atât în prezentarea editurii, cât și în structura tezei.

Diferența este esențială.

Faptul că un cuvânt românesc provine în ultimă instanță dintr-un nume propriu nu înseamnă neapărat că procesul de lexicalizare s-a produs în limba română.

În numeroase cazuri, numele propriu a devenit mai întâi apelativ într-o altă limbă, iar româna a împrumutat ulterior forma deja lexicalizată.

Putem avea, așadar:

nume propriu → deonomastic într-o limbă străină → împrumut în română

sau:

nume propriu românesc → creație lexicală românească.

Nu întâmplător, cuprinsul cercetării deschide analiza împrumuturilor cu o secțiune separată pentru deonomasticele provenite din franceză.

Această perspectivă transformă studiul deonomasticelor într-o contribuție nu numai la onomastică, ci și la istoria vocabularului și studiul contactelor dintre limbi.

Când Adam, Lazăr sau Calvarul intră în vocabular

Câteva exemple foarte sugestive pentru această metodă apar într-un alt studiu al autoarei consacrat deonomasticelor religioase din limba română.

Sunt analizate, între altele, adamic, ajuns în română prin francezul adamique și având la origine numele biblic Adam; benedictin, legat istoric de numele Sfântului Benedict de Nursia; și lazaret, a cărui istorie lexicală este asociată cu numele biblic Lazăr. Autoarea examinează și forme provenite din toponime sacre, inclusiv deonomastice legate de Calvar/Golgota.

Exemplele arată cât de profundă poate deveni lexicalizarea.

Vorbitorul contemporan poate utiliza un asemenea cuvânt fără să mai perceapă în el un nume propriu.

Din punct de vedere psiholingvistic, numele a devenit aproape invizibil.

Tocmai această pierdere a legăturii imediate cu referentul originar reprezintă unul dintre semnele lexicalizării avansate.

Ce se întâmplă cu sensul unui nume?

Al treilea capitol principal este consacrat semanticii.

Structura tezei arată că autoarea discută mai întâi particularitățile semantice ale numelui comun și ale numelui propriu, inclusiv problema clasică a prezenței sau absenței sensului lexical la numele proprii, apoi analizează transformările semantice produse prin transferul numelui în clasa lexicală.

Aici se află una dintre marile probleme teoretice ale onomasticii.

Numele propriu individualizează: Maria, București, Dunărea.

Numele comun clasifică și generalizează.

Prin urmare, lexicalizarea presupune trecerea:

de la individualizare la categorizare.

O persoană, un loc sau un alt referent unic ajunge să ofere baza semantică pentru o categorie întreagă.

Un merit important al cercetării este că autoarea nu se limitează la exemple izolate. Deonomasticele sunt repartizate în câmpuri lexico-semantice, ceea ce permite observarea domeniilor în care transferul dintre onomastică și lexic este deosebit de productiv. Autoarea consideră identificarea și inventarierea acestor câmpuri drept unul dintre elementele de noutate ale cercetării.

Studiul său din 2023, Aspecte semantice legate de lexicalizarea numelor proprii, anticipa deja această metodă: formele sunt clasificate după câmpuri semantice, sfera de utilizare și numărul de sensuri și sunt analizate ca unități simple, derivate cu prefixe sau sufixe și, mai rar, compuse.

Astfel, cercetarea nu mai este o simplă colecție de „cuvinte provenite din nume”, ci descrierea sistematică a unui segment al vocabularului limbii române.

De la antroponim și toponim la apelativ

O altă distincție importantă privește tipul numelui-sursă.

Cuprinsul capitolului semantic separă explicit seria antroponimică de seria toponimică a numelor proprii lexicalizate.

Separarea este justificată deoarece numele de persoane și numele de locuri tind să intre în vocabular prin mecanisme asociative diferite.

Un antroponim se poate lexicaliza deoarece purtătorul devine emblematic pentru o invenție, doctrină, comportament sau tip uman.

Un toponim poate deveni apelativ prin asocierea cu un produs, material, fenomen, practică sau eveniment legat de locul respectiv.

După finalizarea procesului, însă, vorbitorul poate să nu mai știe dacă la originea cuvântului se află o persoană, o localitate, o regiune sau chiar un loc biblic.

Cercetarea reconstituie tocmai această biografie onomastică ascunsă a cuvântului.

Gramatica arată cât de departe a ajuns lexicalizarea

Ultima parte a volumului introduce o dimensiune deseori neglijată în prezentările populare ale eponimelor: gramatica.

Atunci când un nume propriu devine apelativ, el trebuie să înceapă să se comporte asemenea unui cuvânt românesc obișnuit.

Aceasta poate presupune modificări fonetice și grafice, dar și integrarea în sistemul de gen, număr și determinare.

Cuprinsul cercetării doctorale merge până la diferențierea creațiilor deonomastice care păstrează genul numelui propriu originar și a celor care dobândesc un alt gen gramatical, precum și la analiza pluralului și a determinării numelor comune deonomastice.

Această parte este deosebit de valoroasă deoarece permite măsurarea integrării lexicale.

Dispariția majusculei, posibilitatea pluralizării, asocierea cu articolul și participarea normală la flexiunea substantivală arată că forma nu mai funcționează doar ca nume.

Gramatica ne poate spune, prin urmare, cât de mult s-a îndepărtat un deonomastic de statutul său onomastic originar.

Lexicalizarea ca proces gradual

Una dintre concluziile cele mai fertile ale cercetării este aceea că numele propriu nu devine întotdeauna apelativ într-un singur moment.

Pot exista etape.

Mai întâi apare o comparație expresivă. Aceasta poate fi repetată. Asocierea devine recognoscibilă pentru comunitate. Forma începe să circule cu sens generalizat. Poate pierde majuscula, poate primi plural sau derivate și, în cele din urmă, poate ajunge în dicționare drept cuvânt independent.

Putem imagina astfel traseul:

nume propriu → antonomază contextuală → utilizare figurată repetată → deonomastic stabilizat → cuvânt comun complet lexicalizat.

De aceea, preocuparea autoarei pentru gradul lexicalizării mi se pare una dintre cele mai interesante dimensiuni ale cărții. Ea apropie analiza stilistică de lexicologie, lexicografie și morfologie și ne permite să vedem lexicalizarea nu ca un act instantaneu, ci ca o schimbare lingvistică în desfășurare.

Un indice amplu al numelor devenite cuvinte

Cercetarea se încheie și cu un instrument practic important: un amplu indice al numelor proprii devenite nume comune. În versiunea doctorală, acesta începe la pagina 207.

Pentru onomasticieni, lexicologi și lexicografi, un asemenea indice poate reprezenta una dintre părțile cele mai utile ale lucrării.

În lingvistica românească au existat desigur studii anterioare despre apelative provenite din nume proprii și dicționare de eponime. Noutatea proiectului Dianei-Maria Coman Grou constă în încercarea de a integra fenomenul într-un cadru unitar, urmărindu-l concomitent din perspective etimologice, semantice și gramaticale. Exact aceasta este și imaginea de ansamblu pe care editura declară că volumul dorește să o ofere.

O cercetare dezvoltată în mai multe etape

Cartea din 2026 reprezintă și punctul de convergență al mai multor studii realizate de autoare în ultimii ani.

Încă din 2021, Diana-Maria Coman Grou prezenta o comunicare despre relația dintre lexicologie și onomastică, în calitate de doctorandă a Universității „Ovidius”. Au urmat cercetări asupra semanticii formelor lexicalizate, asupra diferențelor dintre eponimie și antonomază și asupra unor categorii specializate precum deonomasticele religioase.

Volumul poate fi citit astfel ca sinteza unui program coerent de cercetare, nu ca o apariție izolată.

Referință bibliografică: Diana-Maria Coman Grou, Lexicalizarea numelor proprii în limba română. București: Pro Universitaria, 2026. Editura indică data apariției 6 iulie 2026 și 217 pagini; Libris indică 218 pagini.

Volumul la UJMAG
Prezentarea oficială Pro Universitaria
Rezumatul românesc al tezei – Universitatea Ovidius